TECHNOLOGY FOCUS
In order to design cost effective radios, designers must understand the whole system. Only then can the various interactions and trade-offs be appreciated and the design optimised for a particular application. Fortunately, understanding the whole system does not require detailed knowledge of the design of each circuit. By isolating key parameters it is possible to relate the system specification to block level requirements to see the whole picture.
The drive towards efficiency in communications systems and networks has implications at all levels.
This comprehensive course gives designers a thorough view of all key elements, from circuit blocks through the system level to network design.
COURSE CONTENT
Objective of this course is to explain the basics of system performance from constituent component block characteristics, how they interact and how they can be related, to top-level system specifications.
Various tools are used to provide accurate initial estimates of component performance while others show the relative contribution of different elements.
Together they help isolate critical performance parameters allowing designers to focus on the right elements enabling reduced design cycle times, cost effective solutions with an understanding of the interrelated aspects.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND
This is an intermediate level course suitable for system designers wishing to better understand component level implications or practicing component design engineers interested in managing more complex sub-assemblies and systems.
The course is suitable for those working in radio as well as in the mobile phone industry, handset or base station, satellite communications, primary/secondary radar and EW/ECM.
Day 1
Signal Integrity
The first day introduces key behavioural performance characteristics of two port blocks in the system. There is a refresher on standard concepts such as sources of noise, noise figure and temperature definitions. The origin of intermodulation signals and prediction of levels are discussed, leading on to compression and dynamic range to illustrate the often conflicting requirements of sensitivity and strong signal handling. Methods to extend simple cascade analysis to multi-stage systems are described along with practical tips to better understand how the cascade builds up and how to evaluate the relative contribution of each stage. An approach to the analysis of signal compression is described, using a tried and tested method not found in textbooks.
- Noise and Noise Figure
- Intermodulation
- Compression
Day 2
Signal Translation
The second day describes the issues associated with frequency translation of signals. Continuing from the IM discussions of the previous day, mixer operation is described in terms of the small signal translation of modulated signals up or down in frequency. Then the large signal behaviour in terms of undesired spurious signal responses is described. The important distinction between spurii generated by the mixing process and those due to susceptibility from other inputs is highlighted, as well as how digital concepts in mixing alter the traditional analog view of mixers. Prediction of spurious signal frequencies and estimation of the levels is demonstrated using design charts and computer simulation. Then the important concept of IQ mixing is discussed for both transmitters and receivers.
Filters are an essential part of any system, restricting the input bandwidth, isolating wanted from unwanted signals and defining the detected noise bandwidth. Without complicated mathematics, design examples are used to illustrate key design criteria and the importance of unloaded Q is discussed. System passband and stopband performance estimation is illustrated with innovative spreadsheets that supplement traditional charts and tables. They also include prediction of performance of generalised transfer functions that are not possible with older methods.
- Mixers, Spurious Prediction and IQ Systems
- Filters
- Design Examples
Day 3
System Architecture
Bringing together the concepts so far, the third day focuses on system design. The architecture of radio systems is described with discussions on gain and frequency planning with illustrations of typical system requirements that also highlight the main differences in the design of transmitters and receivers.
All systems require considerable gain and key trade offs are discussed. Similarly all systems translate the frequency where there are important choices on where to put the LO, and IF frequencies. Various design options such as single conversion, near zero IF and direct conversion or zero IF schemes are shown. The expanding role of DSP is discussed, drawing both parallels and differences to analogue schemes. Some ideas on quite different architecture that exploit DSP are also discussed. This section is illustrated with various design tools and various levels of examples including advanced system simulation using AWR VSS software.
- Gain Planning
- Frequency Planning
- Analogue and Digital Architecture Alternatives
Day 4
Signal Transport
Reliable radio communication requires transport of information via a highly variable channel. In this section the key details of the radio link performance is analysed, showing how to relate transmitter performance to the receiver via the link budget calculation. Various signal channel impairments are described with reference to link calculations with implications to signal quality in terms of power, frequency, and time.
Then relating back to the key link impairment mechanisms of different modulation schemes are described, starting from AM and FM, progressing through various digital phase and frequency modulation concepts culminating in OFDM. The relative merits of different modulation types are illustrated with reference to system performance criteria such as SNR, BER and channel capacity
- Antenna and Propagation Basics
- Link Budget
- Modulation
Day 5
Radio Layer Standards
The final day describes various system approaches to radio communication finishing with a summary of key concepts that will be used in next generation systems.
The radio system level is extended to the network level showing how multiple access methods allow the sharing of the communication channel between many signals and places. Drawing on the examples from earlier topics, the evolution of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and OFDM are described. Then the implementation of these concepts in modern systems such as GSM/EDGE, IMT200 in various forms, IEEE802.11, broadcast standards such as digital TV are described.
The final section introduces key concepts that will be used in next generation systems such as Transmit Diversity, MIMO, Ad Hoc Networks, Cognitive Radio, HSDPA/HSUPA and LTE.
- Multiple Access Methods
- Radio Interface Standards
- Advanced Concepts
Throughout the lectures, various practical tools including spreadsheets are used to illustrate key issues and to provide information for future analysis and design.
A copy of all the Excel examples, many useful application notes, and other material is provided to each student on a CD. This is made more accessible via an innovative wiki based hypertext structure that allows easy access using a standard web browser.
Said about the course from previous participants:
"Extraordinary broad technical oriented systems overview."
"It was related to reality. A lot of examples. Useful hints, links. Presented tools that can be used for radio designing."
"Not only the dry math, but visually anchored (pictures, diagrams) etc."
"Getting insight into the more recent developments of radio design."
"Gives insight (many pictures / animations using the tools/black board) into the theory of radio."